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Chapter A

Understanding Bologna in context

Creating a European Higher Education Area

A 1.1 - Perspectives on the Bologna process – past and present

A 1.1-1	The evolving vision and focus of the Bologna process Author(s): Eric Froment PDF of the article
A 1.1-2	National higher education systems and the Bologna process Author(s): Barbara Weitgruber PDF of the article
A 1.1-3	The Bologna process and student expectations Author(s): Manja Klemencic PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
A 1.1-4	Implementing the Bologna process Author(s): Lewis Purser, David Crosier PDF of the article
A 1.1-5	Universities shaping the European Higher Education Area Author(s): David Crosier, Lewis Purser, Hanne Smidt PDF of the article
A 1.1-6	Trends 2010: A decade of change in European Higher Education – executive summary Author(s): Andrée Sursock, Hanne Smidt PDF of the article
A 1.1-7	The Optimisation of Higher Education in Flanders: a long process Author(s): Luc François PDF of the article
A 1.1-8	The Bologna process in Spain, as seen by university leaders, teachers and students: perceptions and issues Author(s): Carmen Fenoll, MaríaJosé Vieira, Carmen Vizcarro PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

A 1.2 - The changing roles of higher education in society

A 1.2-1	Convergence and diversity Author(s): Sir Roderick Floud PDF of the article
A 1.2-2	Institutional Diversity in French Higher Education Author(s): EUA Study PDF of the article
A 1.2-3	Institutional Diversification and Convergence in Norwegian Higher Education Author(s): EUA Study PDF of the article

Enhancing autonomy and responsibility

A 2.2 - Governance, public responsibility and institutional autonomy

A 2.2-1

University governance, leadership and management in a rapidly changing environment
Author(s): Luc E. Weber
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A 2.3 - Differentiation of profiles and mission

A 2.3-1

Vision and strategy: instruments for building individual university profiles
Author(s): Peter Gomez, Sascha Spoun
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Linking the Bologna Process and other European processes

A 3.1 - The Bologna process and the Lisbon strategy

A 3.1-1

The Bologna process and the Lisbon strategy: mutual dependencies
Author(s): Guy Haug
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A 3.2 - Higher Education and the labour market

A 3.2-1

Higher education and the European labour market
Author(s): Ulrich Teichler
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A 3.3 - The recognition of professional qualifications

A 3.3-1	The Bologna process and the recognition of professional qualifications Author(s): Howard Davies PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
A 3.3-2	The Bologna process and the recognition of professional qualifications: an update on developments Author(s): Howard Davies PDF of the article

A 3.5 - EU education policies and programmes

A 3.5-1	The European Research Area and the European Higher Education Area: where do they meet and produce synergies? Author(s): Gerhard Duda PDF of the article
A 3.5-2	Erasmus and the improved understanding of other Europeans: Expectations and Reality Author(s): Emmanuel Sigalas PDF of the article

Relating Bologna to other world regions: the external dimension

A 4.1 - Understanding the elements of the external dimension

A 4.1-1	The external face of the Bologna process Author(s): Sir Peter Scott PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
A 4.1-2	Trans-Atlantic “Ping-Pong” & The Bologna Process Author(s): Tim Birtwistle, Holiday Hart McKiernan PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

A 4.2 - Identity and values

A 4.2-1

Changing university missions and profiling in the United States
Author(s): James J. Duderstadt
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A 4.3 - Cooperation and competition

A 4.3-1	The Bologna process, three-year degrees, and U.S. graduate admissions Author(s): Daniel Denecke PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
A 4.3-2	Significance of the Bologna process beyond Europe: perspectives for the Commonwealth Author(s): Ruth Keeling PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

Chapter B

Institutional policies and strategies

Promoting new approaches to learning

B 1.1 - The purposes of education

B 1.1-1

Promoting new approaches to learning
Author(s): Sjur Bergan
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B 1.3 - Personal development, active citizenship

B 1.3-1

Higher Education for Democratic Citizenship
Author(s): Manja Klemencic
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B 1.4 - Employability

B 1.4-1	Employability in higher education Author(s): Mantz Yorke PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 1.4-2	Deconstructing and reconstructing employability Author(s): Martina Vukasovic PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 1.4-3	AlmaLaurea Inter-university Consortium: connecting universities effectively with labour markets and professionals Author(s): Andrea Cammelli, Gilberto Antonelli, Angelo di Francia, Matteo Sgarzi PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 1.4-4	Higher education reform and the new debate on employability: the German case Author(s): Henning Dettleff PDF of the article

B 1.6 - Flexibility in learning

B 1.6-1	Widening participation: a collective challenge for European higher education Author(s): Georg Winckler PDF of the article
B 1.6-2	Do European universities have a concept of lifelong learning? Author(s): Hanne Smidt PDF of the article
B 1.6-3	Lifelong learning in Poland: challenges and priorities Author(s): Andrzej Krasniewski PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 1.6-4	Universities and lifelong learning in Finland Author(s): Hannele Niemi PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 1.6-5	Lifelong learning and the Italian university system Author(s): Giuseppe Silvestri PDF of the article
B 1.6-6	Making lifelong learning a reality – the UK experience Author(s): Martina Vukasovic PDF of the article
B 1.6-7	Embedding lifelong learning in German higher education Author(s): Margret Wintermantel PDF of the article
B 1.6-8	From diploma to qualification: the place and mission of universities Author(s): Jean-Pierre Finance PDF of the article
B 1.6-9	University lifelong learning to lifelong learning universities Author(s): Pat Davies, Michel Feutrie PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 1.6-10	Universities’ role in lifelong learning: reflections in the frame of research on learning Author(s): Hannele Niemi PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

Defining degree structures and identifying their characteristics

B 2.1 - Understanding degree structures

B 2.1-1

Reforming European degree structures
Author(s): Christian Tauch
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B 2.2 - Typology of degree structures

B 2.2-1

Typology of the degree structure
Author(s): Jürgen Kohler
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B 2.3 - Learning outcomes, skills and competences

B 2.3-1	An introduction to learning outcomes Author(s): Stephen Adam PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 2.3-2	Flexibility through learning outcomes: implications for quality Author(s): Elpida Keravnou-Papailiou PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 2.3-3	Learning outcomes and competences Author(s): Declan Kennedy, Áine Hyland, Norma Ryan PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 2.3-4	Learning outcomes as an instrument for mobility: A survey through the eyes of a student Author(s): Adra Balissa, Co: Katharina Sandkämper PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

B 2.4 - ECTS and modules, defining the components

B 2.4-1

An introduction to the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS)
Author(s): Robert Wagenaar
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B 2.5 - Fitting degree structures together

B 2.5-1	The Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area Author(s): Jim Murray PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 2.5-2	Challenges addressed and issues arising Author(s): David Bottomley, Gerard Madill, Bryan Maguire, Jim Murray, Seán Ó Foghlú PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 2.5-3	National Qualifications Framework – Applied to external and internal accreditation processes Author(s): Karin Järplid Linde, Karl-Axel Nilsson, Eva Åkesson PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

Developing mobility and ensuring recognition

B 3.1 - Understanding mobility and recognition

B 3.1-1	Understanding mobility and recognition Author(s): Siegbert Wuttig PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 3.1-2	International mobility of students through the looking-glass Author(s): Dominic Orr, Andrea-Cornelia Riedel PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 3.1-3	Student Mobility in the next decade: do we know where we’re going? Author(s): David Crosier PDF of the article

B 3.2 - Inter-institutional mobility and recognition

B 3.2-1	Staff mobility in the European Higher Education Area Author(s): Conor Cradden PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 3.2-2	Student mobility in Europe Author(s): Maria Kelo, Ulrich Teichler, Bernd Wächter PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 3.2-3	Promoting student mobility Author(s): Guido Langouche PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

B 3.4 - Tools for recognition

B 3.4-1

The Lisbon recognition convention: principles and practical application
Author(s): Andrejs Rauhvargers
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B 3.5 - Diploma Supplement

B 3.5-1

The Higher Education Achievement Report (HEAR)
Author(s): Robert G Burgess, Joanne Wood
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Improving quality

B 4.1 - Understanding quality and quality improvement

B 4.1-1	Understanding quality Author(s): Lee Harvey PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 4.1-2	“Quality” in higher education Author(s): Jürgen Kohler PDF of the article

B 4.2 - Towards continuous quality improvement

B 4.2-1

How a culture of Excellence becomes reality – making the invisible visible
Author(s): Urs Bucher
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B 4.3 - European frameworks for quality

B 4.3-1	European frameworks for quality Author(s): Andrée Sursock PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 4.3-2	Standards and guidelines for quality assurance in the EHEA Author(s): Jürgen Kohler PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 4.3-3	European Quality Assurance Register Author(s): Colin Tück PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

B 4.4 - Roles and interaction of different players

B 4.4-1	Roles and interactions of different players in quality assurance Author(s): Airi Rovio-Johansson, Tove Bull PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 4.4-2	The effects of quality assurance in universities Author(s): Jeroen Huisman, Gianfranco Rebora, Matteo Turri PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 4.4-3	Student participation in higher education - the story of Scotland and sparqs Author(s): Nik Heerens PDF of the article

B 4.5 - Internal quality assurance and quality culture

B 4.5-1

Bureaucracy: the enemy of a quality culture
Author(s): Angela Short
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B 4.6 - External quality assurance and accreditation

B 4.6-1	Quality begins at home Author(s): Gro Hanne Aas, Jon Haakstad PDF of the article
B 4.6-2	Quality assurance in the UK Author(s): Peter Williams PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
B 4.6-3	The Swiss external QA system: lessons learned over the past five years Author(s): Rolf Heusser, Laura Beccari, Andrea Schenker-Wicki PDF of the article
B 4.6-4	The Quality Enhancement Framework in Scotland: some reflections on the Scottish revolution Author(s): Norman Sharp PDF of the article

B 4.7 - Institutional and programme approaches to quality

B 4.7-1

Institutional and programme approaches to quality
Author(s): Jürgen Kohler
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Ensuring the social dimension

B 5.1 - Understanding the elements of the social dimension

B 5.1-1	The social dimension of the Bologna process: principles and concepts Author(s): Dionyssis Kladis PDF of the article
B 5.1-2	Is the Bologna process for everyone? Author(s): Annika Pontén PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

B 5.2 - Access and equity

B 5.2-1

Access in Higher Education in Europe and North America: Trends and Developments
Author(s): Sir Peter Scott
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Strengthening the European dimension

B 6.1 - Understanding the elements of the European dimension

B 6.1-1

Strengthening the European dimension
Author(s): Jousch Andris Barblan
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B 6.3 - Teaching and learning

B 6.3-1

Bologna & music: harmony or polyphony?
Author(s): Martin Prchal
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Chapter C

Innovation, research and researchers

Rethinking the institution along strategic lines

C 1.2 - Identifying your institutional starting point

C 1.2-1

Identifying your institutional starting point
Author(s): Robert Fouchet, Emil Turc
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C 1.3 - Reconsidering your mission, profile, positioning

C 1.3-1	Bologna: a springboard to a university’s student-employability and internationalisation agendas Author(s): Huw L. Morris, Maurice Whitehead PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 1.3-2	Development of rural areas through higher education institutions – the case of Deggendorf Author(s): Wolfgang Dorner, Thomas Bartscher, Reinhard Höpfl PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 1.3-3	University of Aveiro: a comprehensive project networking with the region Author(s): Manuel Assunção PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

C 1.4 - Europeanisation as a strategy for success with Bologna

C 1.4-1	Europeanisation as a strategy for success in implementing Bologna Author(s): Paul S. Agachi, Carmen L. Pop, Camelia Moraru PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 1.4-2	The Bologna process and higher education language policy Author(s): Ian Tudor, Wolfgang Mackiewicz PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

C 1.6 - Adapting the institution’s organisational and operational model

C 1.6-1	Facilitating strategic change in the implementation of Bologna Author(s): Robin H. Farquhar PDF of the article
C 1.6-2	Inclusiveness and responsiveness: the case of Erasmus University Rotterdam Author(s): Steven W.J. Lamberts PDF of the article
C 1.6-3	Renewing higher education in a digital world: towards a university profile Author(s): Agneta Stark, Andrew Casson PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

C 1.7 - Developing an institutional culture

C 1.7-1

Organisational development and promoting change
Author(s): Ada Pellert
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Embedding a quality culture in institutions

C 2.1 - Exploring the concept of quality culture

C 2.1-1

Developing a quality culture
Author(s): Jacques Lanarès
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C 2.2 - Embedding processes in institutions

C 2.2-1	Implementing Bologna reforms: an action plan model Author(s): Jürgen Kohler, Harald Scheuthle PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 2.2-2	Quality of educational programmes Author(s): Emidia Vagnoni, Enrico Periti, Valeria Ruggiero PDF of the article
C 2.2-3	Quality work at Copenhagen Business School – how to create a university quality culture Author(s): Claus Nygaard, Bente Kristensen PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

C 2.4 - Developing structures to support a culture of quality

C 2.4-1

Developing structures to support a culture of quality
Author(s): Elke Timmermans, Frank Baert
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Planning and implementing key Bologna features

C 3.1 - Applying institutional strategies for Bologna

C 3.1-1

Bologna reforms at the Warsaw University of Technology
Author(s): Andrzej Krasniewski, Wlodimierz Kurmik
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C 3.2 - Modularisation: key concepts

C 3.2-1

Modularisation and the development of study programmes: a German approach
Author(s): Ulrich Welbers
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C 3.3 - Using ECTS

C 3.3-1	The added value of using ECTS Author(s): Volker Gehmlich PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 3.3-2	Implementing ECTS at the University of Cyprus Author(s): Elpida Keravnou-Papailiou PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

C 3.4 - Using learning outcomes and competences

C 3.4-1	Writing and using learning outcomes: a practical guide Author(s): Declan Kennedy, Áine Hyland, Norma Ryan PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 3.4-2	Discipline-related statements of level-specific learning outcomes (Subject Benchmark Statements) Author(s): Volker Gehmlich PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

C 3.6 - Diploma Supplement

C 3.6-1	The diploma supplement at the University of Bergen Author(s): Etelka T. Dahl PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 3.6-2	Referencing Qualifications Frameworks in the European Diploma Supplement Author(s): John O’Connor PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

C 3.7 - Managing the process

C 3.7-1

Implementation of the Bologna objectives at the K.U.Leuven
Author(s): Piet Verhesschen, Kurt De Wit
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C 3.8 - Student support services

C 3.8-1	Guidance and counselling services as part of a learner-centred approach Author(s): Gerhart Rott PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 3.8-2	Psychological counselling and students’ personal and educational development Author(s): Gerhart Rott PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 3.8-3	Development of Career Management Competence and the Contribution of Student Services Author(s): Gerhart Rott PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

C 3.9 - Administrative support processes

C 3.9-1	Implementing Bologna: Experience from German higher education institutions Author(s): Christiane Gaehtgens, Peter A. Zervakis PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 3.9-2	Implementing Bologna: the Greek case Author(s): Foteini Asderaki PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 3.9-3	Curricular design and computerisation: are information systems useful in curricular reorganisation? Author(s):Joël Gapany, Guido Vergauwen PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 3.9-4	The Bologna process: a challenge to the Austrian universities Author(s): Andreas Spiegl, Elisabeth Westphal PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

Planning and implementing the three cycles

C 4.2 - Introducing the Bachelor

C 4.2-1

Introducing the bachelor (Bologna first cycle degree)
Author(s): Ann Katherine Isaacs
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C 4.3 - Positioning the Master

C 4.3-1

Survey of Master Degrees in Europe
Author(s): Howard Davies
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C 4.4 - Developing the Doctorate

C 4.4-1	The global context of doctoral education Author(s): Sir Peter Scott PDF of the article
C 4.4-2	Developing the doctorate Author(s): Jean Chambaz, Paule Biaudet, Sylvain Collonge PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 4.4-3	Doctoral programmes in Europe Author(s): Sandra Bitusikova, Lesley Wilson PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 4.4-4	New challenges for doctoral studies in Europe in the field of electrical and information engineering Author(s): Olivier Bonnaud, Michael H.W. Hoffmann PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 4.4-5	The professional doctorate: a response to 21st century requirements for European Higher Education? Author(s): Heather Eggins PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 4.4-6	Some implications of European initiatives for doctoral supervision Author(s): Anne Lee PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 4.4-7	Establishing a doctoral school Author(s): Helmut Brentel PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 4.4-8	New challenges in PhD supervision at Aalborg University Author(s): Lise Busk Kofoed, Anette Kolmos PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 4.4-9	Skills statements and their role in doctoral education: the Irish experience Author(s): Westley Forsythe PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 4.4-10	The Ruhr-University Research School at Bochum Author(s): Roland A. Fischer, Christiane Wüllner PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

C 4.5 - Special challenges: joint degrees and programmes

C 4.5-1	Institutional guidelines for quality enhancement of joint programmes Author(s): Stefanie Hofmann, David Crosier PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 4.5-2	Joint European master degrees: between reality and wishful thinking Author(s): Karen M. Lauridsen, Karen K. Zethsen PDF of the article
C 4.5-3	Joint programmes and joint degrees Author(s): Dieter Leonhard, Siegbert Wuttig PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 4.5-4	Developing and implementing joint programmes in Europe Author(s): Adina Timofei PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

Relating Bologna to disciplines and promoting interdisciplinarity

C 5.1 - Disciplinary approaches

C 5.1-1	Curriculum reconstruction by German engineers Author(s): Johanna Witte, Jeroen Huisman PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 5.1-2	Medical education in the bachelor-master structure: the Swiss model Author(s): Carole Probst, Egbert de Weert, Johanna Witte PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 5.1-3	The Hungarian Bologna reforms in business and economics education Author(s): Sandor Kerekes, András Nemeslaki PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 5.1-4	Nursing and Bologna: implications for a regulated profession Author(s): Mary Gobbi PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 5.1-5	Medical education in the Bologna process Author(s): David Gordon, Leif Christensen, Hans Karle PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 5.1-6	Implementation of the Bologna process in Electrical and Information Engineering in Europe: present situation and evolutions Author(s): Jean-Marc Thiriet, Cyril Burkley, Michael Hoffmann, Jozef Jasenek, Maria João Marques Martins, Michel Robert, Anthony Ward PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 5.1-7	Medical education and the Bologna process Author(s): Madalena Patrício, Ronald M Harden PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 5.1-8	Bamalaw: a decade’s assessment of renewal in legal education Author(s): Frans Vanistendael PDF of the articlee
C 5.1-9	Tensions between the Bologna process and Directive 2005/36/EC in respect of nursing education: the Flemish case Author(s): Wilfried Boomgaert, Frederik De Decker PDF of the article
C 5.1-10	University of Beira interior: Medical Education in the Faculty of Health Sciences Author(s): Manuel José dos Santos Silva, Miguel Castelo Branco PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article

Bologna programmes and the links to the professions

C 6.1

Relations with industry and entrepreneurship in higher education can enhance
Author(s): Torbjørn Digernes, Kristin Wergeland Brekke
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Resources for Bologna

C 7.2 - Funding for Bologna

C 7.2-1	Funding for Bologna Author(s): Luísa Cerdeira PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
C 7.2-2	Cost accounting in Swiss universities Author(s): Raymond Werlen PDF of the article

Chapter D

Learning and teaching

Perspectives from partners and stakeholders

D 1.1	Students and the future of the European Higher Education Area Author(s): Koen Geven, Stef Beek PDF of the article
D 1.2	Bologna after 2010 Author(s): Sir Roderick Floud PDF of the articlee
D 1.3	Implementing Bologna: lessons learned and ongoing challenges for post 2010 Author(s): Lesley Wilson PDF of the article Tools belonging to the article
D 1.4	Post-2010: building a higher education and research area, but for what sort of Europe? Author(s): Eric Froment PDF of the article

Topical issues

D 2.1

Bologna in a global context: future challenges and opportunities for the European Higher Education Area
Author(s): Brenda Gourley
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Journal of the European Higher Education Area